Obstetric first aid (OFA)
Care
that can be administered by qualified birth attendants at home or in
facilities with minimal equipment. It includes uterine massage or
bi-manual compression to reduce or stop bleeding, and the administration
of antibiotics and antipyretics orally as a temporary measure if
transport to more extensive facilities takes more than a few hours.
Obstetric fistula
The rupture that results in an abnormal passage linking two areas such as the vagina, rectum, bladder, or abdominal cavity. Obstetric fistulae are caused by difficult labour, unsafe abortion, and traditional practices such as female genital cutting.
OC
Oral contraception (OC) is the systemic method of contraception based on either a progestagen combined with an oestrogen or a progestagen alone. The methods of delivery include pills (oral contraceptives), injectables and implants.
ODA
Official Development Assistance.
Oestrogen
The hormones produced by the ovaries, responsible for female sexual maturation, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and maintenance of the uterine lining.
Oophorectomy
Surgical removal of the ovaries.
Opportunistic illnesses (OIs)
People with HIV infection have a high risk for a wide range of illnesses due to HIV risk factors and HIV itself. Among the most severe illnesses are the 26 AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses that occur as a result of HIV disease progression, and generally occur only after substantial damage to the immune system.
Opportunistic infection (OI)
Opportunistic infections are illnesses caused by various organisms, many of which usually do not cause disease in persons with healthy immune systems. Persons living with advanced HIV infection may have opportunistic infections of the lungs, brain, eyes, and other organs. Tuberculosis is the leading HIV-associated opportunistic infection in developing countries.
Outcome and Output Theories of Change
The UNFPA Strategic Plan 2014-2017 is for the first time accompanied by a document entitled "Outcome Theories of Change". This document outlines the major strategic interventions that will guide UNFPA work for the achievement of the proposed outputs and outcomes, recognizing the assumptions and risks related to them. The Outcome Theories of Change describe the reasoning why UNFPA has selected the 4 outcomes that constitute the Strategic Plan, and describes what it will take to achieve them at a strategic level. The Outcome Theories of Change will be supported by more detailed Output theories of change (to be finalized by January 2014). The purpose of these guidelines is to have a common, harmonized understanding across the organization of what these outputs mean, the interventions through which they can be achieved and the evidence that drives the selection of these interventions.
Out-migrant
The migrant person with respect to the person's prior place of residence, also known as emigrant.
Ovaries
Two organs in the female that produce eggs and sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
Ovulation
Release of an egg from the ovaries? the second phase of the menstrual cycle.
Ovum
Egg cell produced by the female in the ovaries.
Oxytocin
A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary glands which stimulates the contractions of the uterus during childbirth. It is also involved in milk ejection and breastfeeding. It is released in large amounts after distension of the cervix and uterus during labor, facilitating birth, maternal bonding, and, after stimulation of the nipples, lactation.
